ࡱ>  #Jbjbj΀ 4A&   8AT -8YY"{{{VVV$e҇!VV!!҇{{$$$!0{{$!$$*y2{VE.# #d{J0- |Ìv#Ì22nÌV@R$VVV҇҇$jVVV-!!!!ÌVVVVVVVVV : CODEBOOKINTERNATIONAL MILITARY INTERVENTION, 1989-2005Principal Investigators Emizet N. F. KisanganiJeffrey PickeringKansas State UniversityFirst ICPSR ReleaseCollection No. 21282January 2008Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social ResearchPO Box 1248Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 Background and DefinitionsThis update of the IMI data set extends the original IMI (OIMI) collection (ICPSR 6035) from 1989 to 2005. To ensure consistency across the entire 1946-2005 time span covered by IMI, this update has followed OIMIs coding guidelines. Operational Definition. Military interventions are defined operationally in this collection as the movement of regular troops or forces (airborne, seaborne, shelling, etc) of one country inside another, in the context of some political issue or dispute (Pearson and Baumann, 1993, 1). Paramilitaries, government backed militias, private security forces, and other military forces that are not part of the regular uniformed military of the state are excluded. Similarly, events must be purposeful, not accidental. Random or inadvertent border crossings are not recorded, nor are unintentional confrontations between fighter planes or naval ships. Soldiers engaging in exercises in a foreign land, transporting men or material to another destination or on leave are omitted as well. Soldiers concentrated in foreign bases are excluded, unless they leave the barracks explicitly to take part in a military mission in the host state. Military advisors are included only when they engage in direct combat. International military interventions are also delimited by temporal guidelines. Interventions are considered continuous if repeated acts occur within six months of one another. A good example from the current collection is Turkish intervention into Iraq to attack Kurdish strongholds. We code this as a continuous intervention from August 5, 1991 to July 6, 2003. No six month period exists between these dates when Turkish troops or planes did not launch a new attack on Kurdish positions within Iraq (information on each individual mission is available from the authors). If, however, a state withdraws troops from a target state and then sends them back again more than six months later, the latter incursion is coded a new intervention.New interventions are also differentiated with one substantive criterion. A new intervention is coded if the direction of an intervention changes, such as from supporting the target government to opposing it. Intervention direction is captured by variable 6 in IMI.Further information can be found in supporting documentation for OIMI (ICPSR 6035) and in the related publications listed on page 4. Multinational Interventions. Multinational interventions are coded if participating soldiers from different states act under a unified military command. If more than one state intervenes in a target state at a given time and each intervener retains their own distinct military command structure, separate unilateral interventions are recorded. Differentiating unilateral and multinational interventions in this way follows the practice of OIMI and of Regan (2002, 102). Whenever possible, ICOW codes for multinational actors were used. In cases were ICOW does not provide a code for the intervening actor (particularly for one-off and/or ad-hoc multinational missions, most common in the 1990s and early 2000s), we provide a new actor code beginning with the number 3000 and following COW and ICOW procedures. Actor Codes for Ad-Hoc Missions. ICOW does not include actor codes for non-permanent organizations. Since the IMI update includes 13 multinational interventions by actors that will not be coded by ICOW given their ad-hoc, temporary character, we generate our own actor codes for these multinational interveners. COW state codes fall between 1-999, ICOW global non-state actors are between 1000-1999, and ICOW regional non-state actors are between 2000-2999. Consequently, we use 3000-3999 to code ad-hoc multinational interveners. The new codes are:MultinationalActor Code Coalition name or event3040 US-led multinational force in Haiti, 1994-19953300 Italian-led multinational force in Albania, 19973482 MISAB (Inter-African Mission to Monitor the Implementation ofthe Bangui Agreements) operation in Central African Republic, 1997-1998US-led operation (Operation United Shield) to evacuate UN troopsin Somalia, 19953600 Operation Provide Comfort in Northern Iraq, 1991-19963601 Operation Northern Watch in post-Persian Gulf War I Iraq, 1997-20033602 Operation Southern Watch in post-Persian Gulf War I Iraq, 1992-20033700 ISAF (International Security Assistance Force) in Afghanistan,prior to NATOs assumption of ISAF role, 2001-20033850 Australian-led multinational force in East Timor prior to UnitedNations UNTAET mission, 1999-20003900 South Pacific peacekeeping force in Papua New Guinea(Bougainville), 1994 3901 New Zealand-led Truce Monitoring Group present duringnegotiations in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, 1997-1998 3902 Australian-led Peace Monitoring Group takes over for Truce Monitoring Group in Bougainville, 1998-20033903 Australian-led regional peacekeeping mission to Solomon Islands,2003-presentWe also provide an actor code for Western Sahara, a disputed territory that has yet to receive a COW code:601 Western Sahara Related Publications2007. Emizet N. F. Kisangani and Jeffrey Pickering. Diverting with Benevolent MilitaryForce: Reducing Risks and Rising above Strategic Behavior. International Studies Quarterly Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 277-300. 2006. Jeffrey Pickering and Mark Peceny.Forging Democracy at Gunpoint. International Studies Quarterly Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 539-560. 2006. Jeffrey Pickering and Emizet N. F. Kisangani. Political, Economic, and Social Consequences of Foreign Military Intervention. Political Research Quarterly Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 363-376. 2005. Jeffrey Pickering and Emizet N. F. Kisangani. Democracy and DiversionaryMilitary Intervention: Reassessing Regime Type and the Diversionary Hypothesis. International Studies Quarterly Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 23-43. 2002. Jeffrey Pickering. Give Me Shelter: Re-examining Military Intervention and the Monadic Democratic Peace. International Interactions Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 293 -324.2002. Jeffrey Pickering. War Weariness and Cumulative Effects: Victory, Defeat, and Subsequent Military Intervention. Journal of Peace Research Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 313-337. Reprint: Paul Diehl, ed. 2005. War London: Sage Press, pp. 326-354. 2002. Patrick Regan. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers: Outside Intervention in Intrastate Conflict. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press (Note: Regan does not use IMI. His citation here refers to our use of his operationalization of multinational interventions).2001. Jeffrey Pickering. The Conflict-Prone and the Conflict-Weary: War Outcomes and Types of Military Intervention. Journal of Political and Military Sociology Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 221-239.1999. Jeffrey Pickering. The Structural Shape of Force: Interstate Intervention in the Zones of Peace and Turmoil. International Interactions Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 363 -391.1998. Jeffrey Pickering and William R. Thompson. Stability in a Fragmenting World: Interstate Military Force, 1946-1988. Political Research Quarterly Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 241-263. 1994. Frederic S. Pearson, Robert A. Baumann, and Jeffrey Pickering. Military Intervention and Realpolitik, in Frank W. Wayman and Paul F. Diehl, eds. Reconstructing Realpolitik. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 205-225.1993. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann. International Military Intervention,1946-1988. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR [No. 6035].1989. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann. International Military Interventionin Sub-Saharan African Subsystems. Journal of Political and Military Sociology Vol. 17, p. 115-150 1988. Frederic S. Pearson and Robert A. Baumann. International Military Interventions:Identification and Classification. International Interactions Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 173-180 1974. Frederic S. Pearson. Geographic Proximity and Foreign Military Intervention: 1948-67. Journal of Conflict Resolution Vol.18, No. 3, pp. 432-60. 1974. Frederic S. Pearson. Foreign Military Interventions and Domestic Disputes. International Studies Quarterly Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 259-90. VARIABLE LISTVariable 001 Intervener Country CodeVariable 002 Target Country CodeVariable 003 Starting DateVariable 004 Ending DateVariable 005 Source of InterventionVariable 006 Direction of Intervener Supporting ActionVariable 007 Type of Troop ActivityVariable 008 Amount of Troop IncursionVariable 009 Air IncursionVariable 010 Naval IncursionVariable 011 Size of Naval Force EmployedVariable 012 Firing from Outside TargetVariable 013 Number of Battle Casualties to the IntervenerVariable 014 Number of Casualties to the TargetVariable 015 Total Civilian Casualties on both Sides (Killed/Wounded)Variable 016 Domestic DisputeVariable 017 Affect Policies or Conditions in TargetVariable 018 Social Protective InterventionVariable 019 Pursuit across BordersVariable 020 Economic Protective InterventionVariable 021 Strategic InterventionVariable 022 Humanitarian InterventionVariable 023 Territorial InterventionVariable 024 Military/Diplomatic Protective InterventionVariable 025 ContiguityVariable 026 Intervention from Contiguous CountryVariable 027 Description/Source of Intervention Variable Number Column(s) Variable Name and/or Description______________________________________________________________________________ VAR 001 A Intervener Country Code using COW Countrycodes and ICOW international organization codes.VAR 002 B Target Country Code using COW Country codes.VAR 003 C Starting Date: year/month/day. This is an eight (8)digit number. For example, 19890101 stands forJanuary 1, 1989.VAR 004 D Ending Date: year/month/day. This is also an eight(8) digit number. For example, 20051231 stands for December 31, 2005; if month is unknown, last month of the year coded ; if date unknown, 99999999; if ongoing, 88888888. VAR 005 E Source of Intervention 1. Nation crossing border or demarcation line. 2. Nation whose troops are already present in the country participating in the intervention. 9. Not ascertained.VAR 006 F Direction of Intervener Supporting Action Non-supportive or neutral intervention 1. Support government (including immediaterestoration to abort coup)Oppose rebels or opposition groupsOppose governmentSupport rebel or opposition groupsSupport or oppose 3rd party governmentSupport or oppose rebel groups in sanctuary9. Not ascertained. VAR 007 G Troop Activity (outside bases-code highest level)NoneEvacuation of troops or personnel (any nationality) in context or dispute.Transport or negotiate-observePatrol/guard/defend (SAMS)IntimidationCombat9. Not ascertained.VAR 008 H Amount of Troop Incursion (code at highest level)None1-1,0001,001-5,0005,001-10,00010,000+9. Not ascertainedVAR 009 I Air Incursion (note: reconnaissance flights are not included - code at highest level) 0. None 1. Evacuation of troops or personnel 2. Transport troops or personnel -supply/support 3. Act of intimidation/air defense/patrol 4. Bombing or strafing, firing (offense) 9. Not ascertained. VAR 010 J Naval Incursion (code at highest level) 0. None 1. Evacuation of troops or personnel. 2. Transport troops or launch forces inside territorial waters for combat or application of force 3. Laying or removing mines in territorial waters/commando raid 4. Act of intimidation or patrol in territorialwaters or disputed waters already occupied 5. Shelling/firing 9. Not ascertained.VAR 011 K Size of Naval Force Employed (within territorial waters of target) 1. Small forces (1-4 ships) 2. Large force (5 or more ships) 9. Not ascertained.VAR 012 L Firing (by artillery, guns, or ships) by the intervener from outside the targetNoYes9. No report; no information; not ascertained;not applicable. VAR 013 M Number of Battle (military) Casualties to theIntervener (whenever possible include number killed + number wounded) Associated with the Intervention. NoneAt least 998 casualties (exact number uncertain) 9999999. Not ascertained Note that the original IMI collection used 999 to indicate that casualty figures could not be ascertained. Coding for 1989-2005 provides the exact number of casualties reported, including those exceeding 999. Since more than 1 million casualties were the direct result of some international interventions, 9999999 indicates that casualty figures could not be ascertained. VAR 014 N Number of Battle (military) Casualties to the Target Associated with this InterventionNoneAt least 998 (exact number uncertain) 9999999. Not ascertained. VAR 015 O Total Civilian Casualties on both Sides (killed/wounded)NoneAt least 998 (exact number uncertain) 9999999. Not ascertained VAR 016 P Intervener Takes Sides in a Domestic DisputeNoYes9. Not ascertained; not applicableVAR 017 Q Affect Policies or Conditions in TargetNoYesNot ascertained; not applicable VAR 018 R Social Protective Intervention (e.g. to protect a socio-ethnic faction(s) or minority of the targetcountry)NoYes9. Not ascertained; not applicableVAR 019 S Pursue Rebel or Terrorist Forces across Border orinto SanctuaryNoYes9. Not ascertained; not applicableVAR 020 T Economic Protective Intervention (intervener attempts to protect economic or resource interests of self or others)NoYesNot ascertained; not applicableVAR 021 U Strategic Intervention (e.g., regional power balances, stability, or ideological issues mentionedby the intervener or clearly connected to theintervention)NoYesNot ascertained; not applicableVAR 022 V Humanitarian Intervention (e.g., to save lives,relieve suffering, distribute foodstuffs to prevent starvation and so forth) apart from protection of a minority group, see variable 18.NoYes9. Not ascertained; not applicable.VAR 023 W Territorial Intervention (acquisition or retention ofterritory, delineation of frontiers, or specificationof sovereign status). NoYes intervention in established territoryYes intervention in disputed territory under other states controlNot ascertained; not applicable VAR 024 X Intervention to Protect own Military and/orDiplomatic Interests and Property inside or outsidethe Target (e.g., military property; diplomats; diplomatic property)NoYes9. Not ascertained; not applicableVAR 025 Y Are Intervener and Target Neighboring ContiguousCountries?NoYesLess than or Equal to 150 Miles of Water between bordersNot ascertained; not applicable VAR 026 Z Does Intervention Come from Neighboring Contiguous Country or Countries?NoYes9. Not ascertained; not applicableVAR 027 AA Description/Source of Intervention NEWS SOURCE ABBREVIATIONSAP- Associated PressAFP- Agence France PresseAS- Asia SourceBS- Baltimore SunCSM- Christian Science MonitorCT- Chicago TribuneCH- Calgary HeraldCM- Courier MailDP- Deutsche PressFP- Financial PostFT- Financial TimesFDAD- Fed. 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