Pond scum and the 1xbet online casino pool: One critical 1xbet online casino in green algae responsible for multicellular evolution, understanding of cancer origin
Thursday, May 5, 2016
A 1xbet online casino found in this eight-celled green algae is responsible for the evolution of multicellular organisms.
MANHATTAN —Kansas State University biologists are skimming pond scum for clues of 1xbet online casino evolution and possible origin of cancer.
Brad Olson, assistant professor in the Division of Biology; Erik Hanschen, doctoral student at the University of Arizona; Hisayoshi Nozaki, University of Tokyo; and an international team of researchers found a single 1xbet online casino is responsible for the evolution of multicellular organisms. The study is published in a recent issue of Nature Communications.
Olson and Hanschen were looking for what caused single-celled organisms to evolve into multicellular organisms when they discovered the importance of a single 1xbet online casino , retinoblastoma, or RB. Olson and Hanschen found that RB, known for being defective in cancer patients, is a critical 1xbet online casino necessary for multicellular life. According to Olson, previous theories indicated that multiple genes might be responsible for multicellularity.
"Rather than the situation where hundreds of genes have to evolve simultaneously, it's a very subtle change in one 1xbet online casino that causes a reprograming of the cell cycle," Olson said. "Not only did we find a critical 1xbet online casino for multicellularity, it turns out to be a tumor suppressor and it is much easier to evolve multicellularity than anticipated."
Funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, Olson, Hanschen and their colleagues compared genomes of multicellular alga called Gonium pectorale and its single-celled alga relative, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The RB 1xbet online casino is in both algae but has small differences in structure and how it regulates cell cycles.
"RB plays a fundamental role in cell multiplication by regulating cell cycles just before DNA replication starts," Olson said. "Cancer occurs when this 1xbet online casino is defective. In terms of cell cycle and cancer progression, think of RB like the brakes on your car. When the brakes are defective, there is no way to control how the vehicle stops."
"Multicellularity has evolved dozens of times independently," Hanschen said. "It is well-known that plants, animals and fungi evolved independently, but so did red, green and brown algae, volvocine algae, slime molds and bacteria; it's a process that has happened many, many times. The result we find with RB is intriguing because this pathway and this 1xbet online casino are shared among so many of these independent multicellular groups, which are separated by hundreds of millions of years."
When the researchers took the RB 1xbet online casino from Gonium and introduced it in to Chlamydomonas, it caused Chlamydomonas to become multicellular.
"Gonium is representative of the first steps toward the evolution of complex 1xbet online casino organisms such as plants and animals," Olson said. "These findings have the potential to help scientists understand the origin of cancer and may contribute to future abilities to treat and detect cancer."
Research contributors at Kansas State 1xbet online casino include Tara Marriage, postdoctoral associate; Jaden Anderson, senior in biology, Overland Park; and Halle Sparks, junior in biology, St. Louis, Missouri. Additional collaborators include Richard Michod, 1xbet online casino of Arizona; and Takashi Hamaji, 1xbet online casino of Tokyo.
Olson first tested the RB 1xbet online casino in 2012 and then organized the entire research team to investigate numerous other theories for multicellular evolution.
"There have been so many hypothesis about how 1xbet online casino evolved," Olson said. "We went through and tested all those hypotheses. We wanted to make sure that our finding was the best."
The Division of Biology is in the College of Arts & Sciences. Anderson was supported by Kansas State 1xbet online casino 's Johnson Cancer Research Center and the College of Arts & Sciences. Sparks was supported by Kansas State 1xbet online casino 's Developing Scholars Program and the Ecological Genomics Undergraduate Research Mentoring Program funded by the National Science Foundation.
